In recent years, community ecology has experienced a rise in the use of biodiversity dimensions other than taxonomic diversity. To meet the demands of both timber production and the development of sustainable forest ecosystems that support the conservation of lichen biodiversity, it is central to mechanistically understand how forest management affects lichen communities. While the majority of Central European forests are managed to some extent and have management-modified dominant tree species, natural or unmanaged forests are restricted to small fragments within a production-forest landscape, covering only a very small percentage of the total forest area (<3% in Germany ). Despite ongoing efforts towards sustainable forest management, the promotion of biodiversity often conflicts with other goals, most prominently wood and timber production. Forest management is proposed to be one of the most important threat factors, responsible for a large number of threatened lichen species. However, because of lichen sensitivity to environmental changes, human-induced habitat degradation (e.g., by land-use changes) and air pollution have led to strong declines in lichen diversity during the last century. Specifically, lichen communities constitute a substantial part of forest biodiversity and contribute to important ecological functions. Lichens are an important component of forest ecosystems. Our findings have important implications for forest management: high lichen functional diversity can be conserved by promoting old, site-typical deciduous forests with a high richness of woody species and large deadwood quantity.
In contrast, management intensity had a positive total effect on the FDis of reproduction-, dispersal- and establishment-related traits (FDisRe), mainly because of the direct negative effect of species richness, indicating functional over-redundancy, i.e., most species cluster into a few over-represented functional entities. This indicates environmental filtering of management and stronger niche partitioning at a lower intensity. Management intensity had a direct positive effect on FDis, which was compensated by an indirect negative effect via reduced standing tree biomass and lichen species richness, resulting in a negative total effect on FDis and the FDis of adaptation-related traits (FDisAd). Environmental stand variables were affected by management intensity and acted as an environmental filter: summing direct and indirect effects resulted in a negative total effect of conifer cover on FDis, and a positive total effect of deadwood cover and standing tree biomass. Enjoy! DeveloperįDG Entertainment developed this game.Using 642 forest plots from three regions in Germany, we analyzed the direct and indirect effects of forest management intensity and of environmental variables on lichen functional diversity (FDis). Hitting Orange and knocking him off the platform will also mean game over so plan your moves carefully! Finish the levels quickly to earn more points!ĭo you trust your wits? Would you like to challenge your logical thinking and puzzle-solving skills? If you want to try your hand at other games where you can use your brains, be sure to check our puzzle games catalog! And don't forget to check the other Cover Orange titles, such as Cover Orange 2, Cover Orange: Journey Knights and Cover Orange: Journey Pirates. Be careful, though! If you fail to create a safe place for Orange to hide when the rain arrives, he will die when the nails hit him! That’s not the only way to lose a level, either. You can also manipulate the environment by hitting certain objects that are loosely placed on other platforms in the level. You’ll have many types of objects, such as cartwheels, crates, and barrels. Each level has a line, and you need to drop the objects from above it. Don’t think you can place the objects precisely. Each level has a different design and you have to think carefully before placing the objects you were given in the world. Your objective is to create a safe place for the main character, Orange, before the clouds arrive and start to rain sharp nails on him. Don’t bother trying to open that umbrella just find shelter!Ĭan you hear the thunder? The clouds are gathering, so you’d better hurry up! Cover Orange has entertaining gameplay for gamers of every age. Having no one else to turn to, he is looking to you for help! Play through 20 different levels as you try to manipulate the surroundings to create a safe place for Orange.
The weather forecast for today is cloudy with a chance of nails! In the first game of the popular puzzle game series, Cover Orange, the main character Orange is caught off-guard, and he knows that his peel can’t stand up against this weather.
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